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citrus stubborn disease
The Citrus stubborn disease is a plant disease affecting species in the genus ''Citrus''. ''Spiroplasma citri'', a Mollicute bacterium species, is the causative agent of the disease.〔Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection of Spiroplasma citri Associated with Citrus Stubborn Disease. Raymond K. Yokomi, Alexandre F. S. Mello, Maria Saponari and Jacqueline Fletcher, Plant Disease, February 2008, Volume 92, Number 2, pages 253-260, 〕 It is present in the phloem of the affected plant and transmitted by several leafhoppers including ''Circulifer tenellus'' (beet leafhopper) and ''Scaphytopius nitridus'' in citrus-growing regions of California and Arizona and ''Circulifer haematoceps'' in the Mediterranean region.
The host most notably affected is sweet orange but the bacterium can also infect weeds such as periwinkle (''Vinca rosea'') and London rocket (''Sisymbrium irio'').〔Leafhoppers transmit citrus stubborn disease to weed host. George H. Kaloostian, George N. Oldfield, Edmond C. Calavan and Richard L. Blue, California Agriculture, September 1976, Volume 30, Number 9, pages 4-5, 〕〔Occurrence of Spiroplasma citri in periwinkle in California. A.L. Granett, R.L. Blue, M.K. Harjung, E.C. Calavan, D.J. Gumpf, California Agriculture, volume 30, issue 3, pages 18-19, 〕 Yellowed plants of Chinese cabbage and pak-choi (''Brassica rapa'') can be infected by ''S. citri''. In the wild, shortpod mustard (''Hirschfeldia incana'') infested by the beet leafhopper, ''Circulifer tenellus'', can prove to be an important reservoir of infection. ''S. citri'' can also be transmitted to China aster (''Callistephus chinensis''), Shasta daisy (''Leucanthemum × superbum''), red clover (''Trifolium pratense'') and radish (''Raphanus sativus'') by the leafhopper ''Scaphytopius nitridus''.〔New hosts of citrus stubborn disease. Oldfield G.N., Kaloostian G.H., Pierce H.D., Sullivan D.A., Calavan E.C. and Blue R.L., Citrograph, 1977, Volume 62, Number 10, pages 309-312 ((abstract ))〕 The bacterium has also been shown to experimentally infect white clover (''Trifolium repens'') using ''Euscelis plebejus'' as a vector.〔Spiroplasmas are the causal agents of citrus little-leaf disease. P. G. Markham, R. Townsend, M. Bar-Joseph, M. J. Daniels, A. Plaskitt and B. M. Meddins, Annals of Applied Biology, September 1974, Volume 78, Issue 1, pages 49–57, 〕
Symptoms on citrus trees are variable but typically include small size with upright position. Fruits harvested from citrus trees with severe symptoms of citrus stubborn disease can be acorn-shaped or lopsided.
== See also ==
* List of citrus diseases
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